During the bloody years when the Civil War tore apart the United States, one place remained whole: a symbol of America’s early promise and future hope.
Mount Vernon, the Virginia home of George Washington on the banks of the Potomac River, was a refuge for Union and Confederate soldiers throughout the war. All were welcome to pay their respects to the father of the country, so long as their weapons were left behind and their uniforms were removed or hidden from view.
For the next 14 months, Americans will focus on choosing their next president — a task that is reinforcing the nation’s modern-day divisions. But a fast-paced campaign waged in the moment also offers an opportunity to look backward — a chance to rekindle stories of presidents who came before, the places they loved and how they brought the country together.
Mount Vernon
No presidential place is more emblematic of American unity than the cherished home of its first president, which attracts more than 1 million visitors each year.
Yet Mount Vernon likely would not be here today if it weren’t for the Mount Vernon Ladies Association. The nation’s oldest historic preservation society, which formed in the years leading up to the Civil War to save Washington’s house, kept it open to both sides during the war and protected it in the turbulent years afterward, when survival and recovery — not preservation of national landmarks — consumed the nation’s attention.
“It’s hard to believe, but only 50 years after his death, in the early 1850s, the home was in complete disrepair,” said Curt Viebranz, president of George Washington’s Mount Vernon, during a recent interview by Washington’s marble tomb. “A woman was taking a steamer (on the Potomac). It was the custom of the captain to ring the bell when he got in front of Mount Vernon. She looked up. She saw the shape of the house.”
Upset by her moonlight view, Louisa Bird Cunningham persuaded her daughter, Ann, to take up the mission of saving it.
“I was painfully distressed at the ruin and desolation of the home of Washington and the thought passed through my mind: Why was it that the women of his country did not try to keep it in repair, if the men could not do it?” Louisa Cunningham wrote to Ann Pamela Cunningham. “It does seem such a blot on our country!”
Five years after founding the Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association, they raised enough for an $18,000 down payment in 1858 — and paid off the entire $200,000 cost in 1866. In those days, fundraising by women was considered scandalous. So they and their friends wrote anonymous letters to newspapers to bring in money.
An 1858 notice for the Courtland County Fair includes a request for contributions “from both sexes and in any sums” including “The dime or even the penny of the child” and is signed by the “Lady Managers” of the Mount Vernon Association. A December 2, 1853, appeal to the “mothers and daughters of the South” is signed simply by “A Southern Matron.”
The ladies did not hold back in stating their case in the starkest terms. An 1858 plea “To the Children of the Public Schools” notes that Washington’s happiest days were spent at his beautiful home, and he worked throughout his life to maintain it.
“Now this dear old house and farm of our Washington is running to rack and ruin; the paths are being run over with weeds; the house, his home, is crumbling to pieces; the tomb is a disgrace,” the ladies wrote. “All say who visit it that the whole is a burning shame to the nation whom he so faithfully served — It is a shame, children, and you must help to remove it!”
As the ladies collected contributions, Washington’s family, aware the home was falling into disrepair and struggling to maintain it, had begun the search for a trustworthy buyer. John Augustine Washington III, the President’s great-grandnephew, wanted to sell it either to the Commonwealth of Virginia or the federal government, “neither of whom wanted any part of it, and part of it was because there was this sense of impending Civil War,” Viebranz said.
The ladies took over the house in 1860 — a year before the start of the Civil War — at a time of fast-rising tensions between the North and South.
“There was some nervousness about what might happen to the house,” Viebranz said. “But through an order of Gen. Winfield Scott, who was a Union general, it was really set up as neutral ground. So, effectively, any soldiers that visited Mount Vernon, Confederate or Union soldiers, came out of uniform, with absolutely no flags or anything like that, because it was thought to be totally nonpartisan.”
Even before the ladies took over, Washington’s tomb had become a national site for pilgrimage. When he died on December 14, 1799, at 67, President John Adams approached Martha Washington about burying her husband at the site that would become the Capitol.
Martha Washington reluctantly agreed, but the plan never came to fruition and Washington was buried at his home. Initially in a small tomb up the hill, he was moved to his present location in 1831. The site, lovely and peaceful, has two simple marble sarcophagi — one is George Washington’s, the other Martha’s.
Americans came to pay their respects throughout the early 1800s. When the Civil War started, they kept coming: walking the grounds and, in some instances, taking rocks or other mementos.
All were expected to maintain their neutrality while on the property.
“While they may not have removed the uniform, the theory was to make sure that nobody was openly showing any of their uniform,” Viebranz said. “So they may have come, changed, or they may have put on a cloak that covered all of their insignias and their battle uniform.”
The ladies association picked up its work after the war, when the devastating loss of life and property turned attention away from national landmarks and toward more urgent matters.
The ladies acknowledged this reality in an 1868 appeal to the “rich men and rich women of the country.”
“We who would be willing to labor again, know that in this day, the people cannot be acted upon as before — all is changed.”
This plea, signed by Ann Pamela Cunningham, asks whether their work “shall remain like some funeral shaft — perfect in design — beautiful in execution — but unfinished — or, that it shall proceed to completion, with increasing beauty as it reaches its crowning point!”
The ladies’ early efforts established the goal of preserving presidential landmarks and offered a model for nonprofits to follow.
“The Mount Vernon Ladies Association really is the gold standard for presidential preservation,” said Andrew Coffin, president and director of the Reagan Ranch. “They’ve done a phenomenal job.”
